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Sanctions
With the imposition of trade sanctions on Iraq in August 1990 in resolution 661, the Security Council opened a new era in the use of collective coercive economic measures as a means of responding to violations of international norms. Sanctions emerged as a preferred form of action by the Security Council for a number of reasons.
This chapter explores the reasons sanctions gained popularity in the 1990s in response to security threats, and also reexamines the effects of sanctions in Iraq and the former Yugoslavia. The chapter also gives an overview of UN sanctions imposed between 1990 and 2005; reviews the humanitarian impacts of sanctions, what has been learned and how the UN has improved sanctions monitoring and implementation. The chapter concludes with further recommendations for institutionalizing reform.
For a book description, order information and reviews, see
The Oxford University Press.
David Cortright is chair of the Board and Senior Fellow of the Fourth Freedom Forum in Goshen, Indiana and codirector of its Sanctions and Security Research Program. He is also director of Policy Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He has served as consultant or advisor to various agencies of the United Nations, the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, the International Peace Academy, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Along with George A. Lopez he has provided research and consulting services to the Foreign Ministry of Sweden, the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, and the Foreign Ministry of Germany. He has written widely on nuclear disarmament, nonviolent social change, and the use of incentives and sanctions as tools of international peacemaking.
George A. Lopez holds the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C., Chair in Peace Studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. Lopez's research interests focus primarily on the problems of state violence and coercion, especially economic sanctions, gross violations of human rights, and ethics and the use of force. For a list of publications by Lopez, please go to the Kroc Institute, Lopez, CV.
Linda M. Gerber-Stellingwerf is program director of the Fourth Freedom Forum and codirector of the joint Fourth Freedom Forum/Kroc Institute Sanctions and Security Project. She received her Masters of Library Science degree from the School of Library and Information Science at Indiana University, Bloomington. Gerber-Stellingwerf has coauthored and edited various reports and books produced by the Fourth Freedom Forum. She is a member of the American Library Association.
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