Sanctions and Security Research Program

Since 1990, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, and the U.S. government have imposed sanctions frequently for a variety of purposes. The Sanctions and Security Research Program is a joint effort of the Fourth Freedom Forum and Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies to explore nonmilitary means of enforcing international norms. For more than a decade, the sanctions and security team of investigators, David Cortright, George A. Lopez, and Linda Gerber-Stellingwerf, have worked with the UN Security Council, government leaders, and international agencies to reform and refine sanctions as alternatives to military intervention. The team has written five books, including the award-winning The Sanctions Decade (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2000), that have become classics in the field of targeted sanctions. Among the agencies that have suported program work are the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the Rockefeller Foundation, the International Peace Adcademy, and the foreign ministries of several countries.